Zealandia continent once was part of Antarctica

My research recognized that along with New Zealand other continental crust pieces once attached to Gondwana made the trip north. These included the submerged continental fragments of the Campbell Plateau, Lord Howe Rise, and the Chatham Rise along with other smaller fragments. They all were one mass within Gondwana. Tectonic forces separated and distorted them as they drifted with the new ocean floor created during the breakup process.

I thought it made sense to name all these distributed pieces—that once were one, a single name to recognize that fact. Zealand seemed to be a necessary part of any name, and inspired by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, I coined the name Zealandia in parallel with the name of his composition Finlandia.

All seemed calm for about twenty years until a gorgeous book Zealandia, (2) was published. Two New Zealand geologists expanded on my suggestion and put real depth into it, chronicling the natural history of Zealandia including the country of New Zealand since the Gondwana supercontinent breakup. But they made the startling claim that Zealandia was in fact its own continent—a notion that was implicit in my study but I did not make explicit because that was not my purpose.

Zealandia came to fame in early 2017 when GSA Today published a definitive argument by Nick Mortimer and colleagues, (3) that Zealandia is a continent—the eighth one, previously ignored, mainly because 95% of it is out of sight beneath the waves. The 5% above sea level is the nation of New Zealand. Does New Zealand then “own” Zealandia? The United Nations Law of the Sea offers guidance.

Why is it a continent? The authors argue because it meets the geologic criteria, namely; 1) high elevation relative to regions floored by oceanic crust; 2) a broad range of siliceous igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks; 3) thicker crust and lower seismic velocity structure than oceanic crustal regions; and 4) well-defined limits around a large enough area to be considered a continent rather than a microcontinent or continental fragment.

How large is it? About the size of India, which is not a continent but once was before its northward journey caused it to collide and join with Asia between forty and thirty million years ago.

Publication of the GSA Today article (online) started a global media frenzy. I was contacted and spoke to reporters from around the world, and appeared on live TV news programs (see Business Insider). For Mortimer, he tells me it was overwhelming. Just imagine why this news was so shocking. A continent was found that we didn’t know about.

The main problematic issue is that most of Zealandia is below sea level. We don’t think of continents as underwater—we think of continents as places where people live. The reason much of it is below sea level is that the breakup process stretched and thinned its crust. The continental crust of Zealandia is thinner than other continents in comparison. However, the fact that much of it remains below sea level for 95% of its territory is not a limiting factor. Sea level goes up and down over time. For example, sea level was 120-130 meters lower about twenty-four thousand years ago. The land area of Zealandia (now mostly the nation of New Zealand) would have been much greater then. Consider a plug that could be pulled and the oceans drained. Zealandia would stand high like other continents if a bit lower.

The main insight from the “discovery” of Zealandia is that continents are not defined by coastlines, that is the current sea level. Rather they are defined by geologic criteria that are independent of sea level. My recent blogs point out that sea level is rising due to global warming. In a few hundred years, most of Florida will be below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. But Florida will not be gone. It will still be Florida. It will still be part of the North American continent but beneath the waves.